Communication Disorders

COMD 5340 Articulation Disorders (3 semester credit hours) Etiology, symptomatology, evaluation, and treatment of articulation disorders. Prerequisite: BBSC majors only. (3-0) Y

COMD 5341 Audiology (3 semester credit hours) Introduction to the profession of audiology. Topics include basic pure-tone and speech audiometry; basic masking principles; cerumen management and infection control; overview of hearing and balance disorders, evaluation, and treatment; clinical application and interpretation in audiology. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) S

COMD 5344 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Hearing (3 semester credit hours) Study of anatomic and physiologic mechanisms underlying speech and swallowing: respiration, phonation, and articulation; overview of the peripheral auditory system. Detailed overview of the nervous system. Prerequisite: BBSC majors only. (3-0) S

COMD 6101 Childhood Apraxia of Speech (1 semester credit hour) Current research topics in the assessment and management of children of all ages with childhood apraxia of speech. Includes recent developments in prosody, oral motor therapy, profiling characteristics, articulatory error consistency, augmentative communication, integral stimulation intervention, and diagnostic criteria. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: COMD 6320 and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6102 Dysphagia in Public Schools (1 semester credit hour) Current research topics in dysphagia assessment and management of children of all ages in the public school setting. Includes program development, legislative information, treatment plans in the IEP, and ethical considerations. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: COMD 7303 and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6103 Research in Pediatric TBI (1 semester credit hour) Current research topics in the assessment and management of children of all ages with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Includes clinical characteristics of acute dysphagia in children with TBI, recovery of memory function, articulatory function, executive function, and inference comprehension skills in children with TBI. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: COMD 6377 and COMD 6308 and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6105 Professional Writing (1 semester credit hour) Professional reports, and professional writing covering behavioral objectives, discharge planning, and report formats. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6106 Medical SLP (1 semester credit hour) Medical terminology and scope of practice of the medical SLP. Topics include assessment of aphasia, cognitive rehabilitation after TBI, diagnostic approaches to dementia, communication impairment and management of dementia, assessment and management of dysphagia, voice disorders, head and neck cancer, psychogenic communication disorders, issues in geriatric medicine and drug induced communication and swallowing disorders. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6107 Dementia (1 semester credit hour) Diagnosis, treatment, and current best practice in the management of the dementias. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: COMD 6377 and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6108 Pulmonary Issues (1 semester credit hour) Issues related to respiration and swallowing coordination in normal aging and patients with specific respiratory conditions (i.e., aspiration pneumonia, COPD, Parkinsonism, patients on mechanical ventilation). Normal and disordered respiratory systems, and assessment/management considerations for patients with specific respiratory issues are discussed. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: COMD 7303 and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6109 Tracheostomy and Mechanical Ventilation (1 semester credit hour) Communication, respiration and swallowing issues/considerations as they relate to patients who require tracheostomy tubes and/or ventilators. Normal and disordered respiratory systems, oral and nonoral communication and assessment/management of dysphagia. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: COMD 7303 and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6110 Pediatric Feeding (1 semester credit hour) Assessment and management of infants and children of all ages with feeding and swallowing impairments. Includes recent developments in the field of swallowing disorders including advances in technology, surgery and pharmacology, and management of pediatric patients with dysphagia. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: COMD 7303 and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6111 Articulation and Phonological Disorders (1 semester credit hour) Review of methods in articulation disorders. Required for students with undergraduate majors in speech language pathology who did not complete an undergraduate articulation course. If you have previously taken COMD 5340 or SPAU 3340 at UT Dallas you are not eligible for this module. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6112 Counseling in Communication Disorders (1 semester credit hour) Counseling and interviewing skills across clinical populations in communication disorders. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6113 Bilingual Speech Assessment and Treatment (1 semester credit hour) This course will review developmental norms for phonology and articulation and considerations in assessment and treatment including dialectical differences, transfer, and cross-linguistic effects. Emphasis will be on Spanish-English bilinguals although general bilingual practice considerations will be discussed. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: Coursework in articulation disorders. BBSC majors only and department consent required. (1-0) S

COMD 6170 (AUD 6170) Pediatric Auditory Technology and Habilitation Methods (1 semester credit hour) This is a required course for students earning the Pediatric Auditory Technology and Habilitation (PATH) certificate. Others may enroll with instructor's permission. This methods course will provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary to maximize auditory communication for children and families, birth to 21 years, who have communication challenges secondary to hearing loss with specific attention to assessment, auditory technology, therapeutic intervention(s), and resources for families. Pass/Fail only. Lab fee of $100 per semester credit hour is required. May be repeated for credit (3 semester credit hours maximum). Prerequisite: AUD 6318. (0-1) S

COMD 6198 Directed Study in Speech-Language Pathology (1 semester credit hour) Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing FEES. This independent study module covers an introduction to FEES. The areas discussed include anatomy and physiology, normal and abnormal swallowing, rating scales, and research as it relates to the use of FEES as a swallowing evaluation instrument. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Pass/Fail only. Department consent required. (1-0) Y

COMD 6221 Voice Disorders (2 semester credit hours) Etiology of voice disorders and methods for assessing and modifying vocal function. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 6222 Stuttering (2 semester credit hours) Principles, methods, and procedures for assessment, and intervention of stuttering and associated disorders. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 6240 Professional Issues in Speech/Language Pathology (2 semester credit hours) Insights into the real-world and a means to master objectives as a professional in the field of speech-language pathology. Prerequisites: BBSC majors enrolled in their final semester and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 6305 Speech Science (3 semester credit hours) Anatomy, physiology and functional organization of speech. Mechanisms of speech production and perception with applications to the clinical setting. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 6307 Language Acquisition (3 semester credit hours) Development of the phonological, morpho-syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of language, and consideration of the social, psychological, and cultural influences. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) S

COMD 6308 Assessment and Intervention of Language Impairments in Preschool and School-Age Children (3 semester credit hours) Assessment and intervention for children with diverse language impairments. Theoretical models, characteristics and correlates of pediatric language disorders; evidence-based approaches to screening, diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and prevention. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 6320 Motor Speech Disorders (3 semester credit hours) Anatomic and physiologic bases of the motor speech mechanism. Etiology, symptomatology, evaluation and treatment techniques for a variety of motor speech disorders in children and adults. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) S

COMD 6330 Practicum in Communication Sciences (3 semester credit hours) Supervised, practice-based activities in applied contexts or evaluation and therapeutic management of communication disorders. Pass/Fail only. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and instructor consent required. (3-0) S

COMD 6377 Neurogenic Communication Disorders I (3 semester credit hours) Introduction to adult neurogenic communication disorders including neuropathology, assessment and diagnosis of aphasia, traumatic brain injury, right hemispheric impairment, and dementia. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) S

COMD 6378 Neurogenic Communication Disorders II (3 semester credit hours) Language and cognitive intervention for individuals with adult neurogenic communication disorders with management of special populations including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) S

COMD 6630 Internship in Communication Disorders (6 semester credit hours) Intensive internship program in a clinical setting. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and instructor consent required. (6-0) S

COMD 6V09 Autism Spectrum Disorder (1-6 semester credit hours) Issues concerning the diagnosis and theories of autism. The development of social, communication language, and cognitive skills in autism, as well as various therapeutic approaches. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. ([1-6]-0) Y

COMD 7098 Directed Study in Speech-Language Pathology (0 semester credit hours) Individualized program of study which may include reading, research implementation of clinical strategies, and/or other designated activities. Pass/Fail only. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and instructor consent required. (0-0) S

COMD 7172 Laryngectomy (1 semester credit hour) Laryngectomy process from surgery to rehabilitation, laryngeal devices and how to use them. TEP, stoma, and trach care, and strategies to help patients master esophageal speech. Pass/Fail only. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (1-0) Y

COMD 7204 Craniofacial Disorders (2 semester credit hours) Etiology, symptomatology, evaluation, and treatment of communication disorders found within the population with a craniofacial difference emphasizing cleft lip and palate and Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 7208 Pediatric Dysphagia (2 semester credit hours) Evaluation and treatment of feeding and swallowing disorders in infants and children within various clinical settings. Normal and abnormal anatomy, common causes of pediatric dysphagia, clinical and instrumental assessment, evidence-based interventions, and pertinent research will be included. Prerequisites: COMD 7303 and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 7219 Birth-To-Three (2 semester credit hours) Typical and atypical development patterns and assessment and treatment approaches of infants and toddlers with a variety of speech, language, and feeding disorders. Prerequisites: COMD 6308 and BBSC majors only and Department Consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 7221 Preschool Intervention (2 semester credit hours) The purpose of this class is to develop the skills to select and use appropriate assessment methods for preschoolers in the areas of language and articulation/phonological process delays/disorders, to develop appropriate treatment plans and intervention procedures for this population based on assessment results, and to determine when it is appropriate to end services. Skills such as varied treatment and scaffolding approaches (including visually supported learning strategies, AAC, etc), appropriate programming options (group and individual therapy models, etc.), culturally and linguistically diverse populations, behavior management, interdisciplinary collaboration, considerations involving parents and ethics, and data collection will be emphasized in discussion. Prerequisites: COMD 6308 and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 7222 Therapy Strategies for School-Age Children (2 semester credit hours) Practical applications and intervention approaches will be explored for children in elementary, middle, and high school. The course will provide strategies for language-based learning disabilities and other diagnoses that require intervention. Prerequisites: COMD 6308 and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 7231 Advanced Voice (2 semester credit hours) This course will utilize lectures, observations, hands-on clinical experiences, and discussions to provide students with knowledge and skillsets to evaluate and manage voice and laryngeal disorders. Topics include auditory-perceptual analysis of voice quality, laryngeal imaging, acoustic and aerodynamic assessment, advanced training in voice, breathing, and cough treatment methods, and patient-clinician role playing. This course will build off the Voice Disorders core course. Content will be geared towards students who have a special interest in pursuing voice assessment and treatment as their careers. Didactics will be followed up with hands-on experience with voice assessment instrumentation in the UTSW Voice Clinic and Voice Lab-including flexible and rigid laryngoscopy and acoustic/aerodynamic voice assessment. Students will participate in voice assessment and intervention role-play. Students will be expected to think critically and apply their knowledge to "real-world" situations in mock clinics through various modalities provided in the course. Prerequisites: COMD 6221 and BBSC majors only and department consent required. (2-0) Y

COMD 7301 Public School Methods (3 semester credit hours) Practices and procedures of implementing clinical skills in the public schools including applying federal and state laws to best practices in assessment and intervention. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) S

COMD 7302 Seminar in Aphasiology (3 semester credit hours) Current issues in neurolinguistics. Models of brain and language; classification, symptoms, and etiology of aphasia. Analysis of aphasic language with respect to phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7303 Dysphagia (3 semester credit hours) Anatomic and physiologic bases of normal swallowing. Etiology, symptomatology, evaluation and treatment techniques for swallowing disorders in children and adults. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7305 Communication and the Aging Brain (3 semester credit hours) Social and biological factors affecting language and communication in normal aging. Pathological changes in aphasia and dementia. Assessment and intervention strategies. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7306 Cultural Issues in Communication (3 semester credit hours) The multicultural nature of society, the role of language and communication in cultural identity, and how practice in the field of communicative disorders is tailored to cultural and linguistic diversity. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7307 Advanced Topics in Adult Dysphagia (3 semester credit hours) Integration and application of dysphagia evaluation and treatment at an advanced level. Management of special populations including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and oral/laryngeal cancers. MBS interpretation using MBSImP. Family and patient counseling/education. Ethical issues and decision-making. Prerequisites: COMD 7303 and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7308 Preliteracy Development (3 semester credit hours) Historical, cultural, theoretical, developmental, and pedagogical perspectives on the foundation for literacy in early childhood. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) T

COMD 7309 (HCS 7309) Neural Correlates of Human Cognition: Functional Localization (3 semester credit hours) This class will discuss the correlation of brain activation patterns and lesions with cognitive deficits and how it provides a human brain map of the essential anatomy underlying specific cognitive functions. The areas of cognition to be covered using this approach include language, episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, aspects of visuospatial functions, and higher-order motor planning. This knowledge base provides a key framework to combine with the findings of functional neuroimaging (fMRI, PET) in understanding how humans think. Cognitive deficits in patients (e.g., amnesia, aphasia, etc.) will be explained within this framework. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7310 Neural Correlates of Human Cognition (3 semester credit hours) Practical application of principles of brain-behavior correlation that were described in Neural Correlates of Human Cognition: Functional Localization course. Clinical cases of patients with cognitive deficits will be observed as well as clinical neurobehavioral assessments of cognitive disorders. The cognitive dysfunction will then be discussed in terms of the cognitive operations disrupted, underlying mechanism of the disruption, relevant disease processes, and plausible remediation approaches of the underlying deficits. Prerequisites: (HCS 7309 or COMD 7309) and instructor consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7320 Speech Sound Disorders in Children: From Articulation to Phonology (3 semester credit hours) Speech Sound Disorders in Children: From Articulation to Phonology (3 semester credit hours) An integrative view of speech sound disorders, from articulatory (i.e., speech motor) to language (i.e., phonological) levels. Developmentally, the course will span pre-linguistic, early linguistic, and school-age periods. Within this course, students will read basic and clinical literature and develop evidence-based assessment and intervention approaches for children with speech sound disorders. Department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7323 Auditory-Verbal Methods (3 semester credit hours) Comprehensive survey of the auditory-verbal approach to the habilitation of children with hearing losses to develop spoken language through listening for children of all ages; includes philosophy, research, special problems, auditory habilitation for older children, and specific methodology. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7324 (ACN 7324 and AUD 7324) Seminar in Cochlear Implants and Technology for Persons Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (3 semester credit hours) This course provides an overview of prosthetic alternatives to conventional amplification for individuals with significant hearing loss. Topics include candidacy determination, technology, basics of device programming and troubleshooting, awareness of controversial areas related to cochlear implantation, and future trends in cochlear implantation. Further, this course will cover current issues in the medical, audiological, speech/language, quality of life, and educational management of children and adults with cochlear implants. This course also has a complementary laboratory course. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7325 Hearing and Deafness (3 semester credit hours) Introduction to issues, assessment, and management of adults and children with hearing-impairment. Includes principles and prerequisites for intervention, assistive technology, aural habilitation programs, sign language, and Deaf culture. This course is offered in an online format only. At the discretion of the professor, exams of fully online courses may use proctoring software that requires a webcam scan of the testing area and the recording of all activity during the exam. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7336 (HDCD 6365) Social Communication in Early Childhood Disorders (3 semester credit hours) Examines the development of infant and toddler social attention and communication in the first two years of life, and assessment/intervention strategies for identifying and treating children with social attention and communication challenges (i.e., autistic children). The course is divided into two main sections. The first section focuses on introductory topics, including autism, what constitutes evidence-based practices, and historical perspectives on intervention. The remainder of the course is devoted to understanding a) social development in young children and relevant intervention for each stage, and b) the relationship among social development, social communication, and language. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) F

COMD 7345 Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (3 semester credit hours) Assessment and management of acquired brain injury in children including linguistic, cognitive, psychosocial, educational, and neurological factors within a brain plasticity framework. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) T

COMD 7354 (ACN 7354 and HCS 7354) Neural Basis of Music and Language (3 semester credit hours) Music and language are integral and universal components of human nature, as proven by their ubiquity across all cultures. There is a growing body of evidence indicating connections between music and language abilities. The advent of state-of-the-art neuroscience technology allows us to study the relations more systematically at the neural level. This course is designed to offer a general overview of the neuroscience of speech, language, and music, a glimpse of research in this emerging discipline, and a sample of the wide variety of current and possible applications for speech/language interventions of clinical and aging populations. The course does not require a background in neuroscience. Prerequisite: BBSC majors only or instructor consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7384 Augmentative Communication (3 semester credit hours) Components and dimensions of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. AAC assessment and intervention for individuals with congenital and acquired complex communication needs. Includes hands on AAC equipment labs. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7387 (ACN 7387 and HCS 7387) Developmental Neurobiology of Language and Cognition (3 semester credit hours) Consideration of current neurological data concerning the pre/postnatal development of the brain and how changes in brain structure and function provide the foundations of children's language development and language disorders. We will examine models of the neural substrates and circuitry underpinning developmental changes in language, cognitive control and working memory, episodic memory, and visual face processing in both typical (monolingual and bilingual) language users and in children with developmental language disorders including specific language impairment, developmental language disorders, reading disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, and cognitive-communicative language disorders. Prerequisites: (COMD 6308 and COMD 6377) or instructor consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7392 Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities (3 semester credit hours) The relationships between language disorders and reading disabilities, including dyslexia. Literacy development, assessment issues and methods, and evidence-based approaches to improving language and literacy skills in children with a variety of language-based reading disabilities and/or developmental disabilities. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. (3-0) Y

COMD 7V56 Bilingual Speech-Language Assessment and Intervention (1-3 semester credit hours) This course will provide an overview of bilingual language development, assessment procedures, and intervention strategies with bilingual children. Topics include typical and atypical patterns of dual language acquisition, acculturation, bilingual education models, and differentiating between language differences and language disorders. Knowing a second language is NOT required. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. ([1-3]-0) T

COMD 7V62 Seminar in Autism (1-3 semester credit hours) Current issues concerning major theories, current research and their application to treatment of individuals with ASD. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. ([1-3]-0) Y

COMD 7V68 Cognitive Rehabilitation (1-3 semester credit hours) Study of normal and impaired aspects of cognition as it relates to communication, including attention, memory, and executive function with an emphasis on current evidence supporting evaluation and treatment in the adult rehabilitation setting. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. ([1-3]-0) R

COMD 7V73 Seminar in Speech Science (1-6 semester credit hours) Current topics in speech science. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. ([1-6]-0) T

COMD 7V82 Special Topics in Speech-Language Pathology (1-6 semester credit hours) Selected topics and current research in speech-language pathology. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and instructor consent required. ([1-6]-0) R

COMD 7V86 Special Topics in Language (1-6 semester credit hours) Current issues in language including research on intervention practices. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. ([1-6]-0) Y

COMD 7V89 Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (2-3 semester credit hours) Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, assessment, and a strength-based approach to intervention of adults with mild cognitive impairment and different dementias including Alzheimer's disease, and the frontotemporal dementias. Department consent required. ([2-3]-0) Y

COMD 7V91 Methods in Speech-Language Pathology (1-6 semester credit hours) Issues related to methods of assessment and intervention in communication disorders. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and department consent required. ([1-6]-0) Y

COMD 7V98 Directed Study in Speech-Language Pathology (1-9 semester credit hours) Individualized program of study which may include reading, research implementation of clinical strategies and/or other designated activities. Pass/Fail only. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Prerequisites: BBSC majors only and instructor consent required. ([1-9]-0) S